Air Traffic Control

josh.isaiah asked:


How good at math do you need to be? is it the basic math or complex math?

Victor

crosswind37 asked:


I would appreciate also the Area Control Centre frequency, and Air Traffic Control frequencies there in general.

Tom

Tony Jacowski asked:


The air-transport aviation industry has grown tremendously over the years and includes all aspects of commercial airlines. The past few years, have been difficult for the aviation industry. The 9/11 attacks on World Trade Center and the subsequent security delays at airports dealt a major blow to the aviation industry.

However, with rapid globalization in this fast paced world, the aviation industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The upward trend in both aviation and travel industries has lead to an increase in job opportunities in the aviation, travel and hospitality industries. With the world getting smaller each day, there will be a constant demand for people trained in aviation careers.

Sound Education: A Must

If aviation is your choice of career, then you need to educate yourself to excel in this challenging field. Career options in this field are unlimited and you are required to learn the skills from a recognized institute to pursue them. Before you choose a particular field from the aviation line, you should be aware of the number of job options available and their individual scope.

Aviation careers can be divided into Flying Careers and Management Careers. Career options include Pilots, Flight Engineers, Flight Attendants, Cabin attendants, In-flight Supervisors, Technicians, Flight Coordinators, and Crew Schedulers. Other job options such as Airport Security, Line Service Personnel, Business Development, Cost Analysts, Aeronautical Engineers, Ground Instructors, Airport Managers, Technical Writers, and Air Traffic Controllers have also attracted a significant number of job seekers.

Once you have identified the field you are interested in, determine the educational qualifications and expertise required for that field. Most careers in this field require strong arithmetic skills and sound computer knowledge.

Pilot Training Lessons

Do not limit your aviation career by applying only at large airports and major airlines. You will be surprised to know that small and local airports strewn across the country also provide excellent job opportunities. Pilot training is constantly required in small aircraft. You can begin private pilot training even before you complete high school, and can offer you a BIG break in the personal aviation field.

If your inclination were towards military aviation, then Air Force would be the obvious choice. To become a pilot in the military, you need to undergo full-fledged training in college. The Service Academies would be evidently the first option, however you can also become a military pilot by attending an extensive college program, which offers ROTC training.

To become a commercial pilot, you must be qualified to obtain a commercial pilot license or CPL. This also involves many hours of flying, plus theory examinations. A new CPL holder would need either a command instrument rating or an instructor rating, in order to meet the requirements of the employer. You can also obtain professional training for aircraft repair and other mechanical jobs and acquire the necessary skills. Air traffic control is another promising and lucrative career option in the aviation industry.

Several aviation academies have emerged owing to the increasing demand for skill and expertise in aviation fields. Such academies chisel young minds and groom their careers. Most of them have specialized training programs for those aspiring to become Flight Attendants.



Jerome

S.Hema Bindu asked:


I. INTRODUCTION

Optimal utilization of the water resources through appropriate conservation and management measures assumes critical importance in sustaining the life support systems. The pattern of demand for water is undergoing gradual but continuous changes towards increasing pressure for drinking and other household and commercial needs relative to the demand for irrigation as the emerging trend is towards less water demanding perennial crops in lieu of seasonal crops. Progress in this direction is quite limited and flood control works continue to be on conventional lines like strengthening the riverbanks, construction of retaining walls, embankments,

There was no attempt in the past for assessing the flood incidences, their intensity, pattern of occurrence and vulnerability of different regions. Flood proofing is feasible only after identifying the root cause of floods from its origin. It is therefore proposed to organize a basin wise study in major river systems that are vulnerable to flood, to find out the causes of flood and its intensity

II OBJECTIVE:

It is the purpose of this paper to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare, and to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions in specific areas by provisions designed:

A. To protect human life and health;

B. To minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control projects;

C. To minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally undertaken at the expense of the general public;

D. To minimize prolonged business interruptions;

E. To minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains, electric, telephone and sewer lines, streets and bridges located in areas of special flood hazard;

F. To help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the second use and development of areas of special flood hazard so as to minimize future flood blight areas;

G. To insure that potential buyers are notified that property is in an area of special flood hazard;

H. To insure that those who occupy the areas of special flood hazard assume responsibility for their actions.

III CAUSES OF FLOODS:

When it rains or snows, some of the water is retained by the soil, some is absorbed by vegetation, some evaporates, and the remainder, which reaches stream channels, is called runoff. Floods occur when soil and vegetation cannot absorb all the water; water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or retained in natural ponds and constructed reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation is runoff, and melting snow masses may increase this amount. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods often result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks; a flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area. Coastal areas are occasionally flooded by unusually high tides induced by severe winds over ocean surfaces, or by tsunamis caused by undersea earthquakes These flood losses are caused by the cumulative effect of obstructions in areas of special flood hazards, which increase flood heights and velocities, and when inadequately anchored, damage uses in other areas. Uses that are inadequately flood proofed, elevated or otherwise protected from flood damage also contribute to the flood loss

IV EFFECTS OF FLOOD:

Floods not only damage property and endanger the lives of humans and animals, but have other effects as well. Rapid runoff causes soil erosion as well as sediment deposition problems downstream. Spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitat are often destroyed. High-velocity currents increase flood damage; prolonged high floods delay traffic and interfere with drainage and economic use of lands. Bridge abutments, bank lines, sewer outfalls, and other structures within floodways are damaged, and navigation and hydroelectric power are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are commonly millions of dollars each year. The flood hazard areas of the city are subject to periodic inundation which results in loss of life and property, health and safety hazards, disruption of commerce and governmental services, extraordinary public expenditures for flood protection and relief, and impairment of the tax base, all of which adversely affect the public health, safety, and general welfare.When it rains in, flood control channels, rivers, and washes quickly fill up with fast moving water, and this can create a potentially life-threatening danger to anyone who gets caught or swept away.

“A foot or two of water can cost our life! Nearly half of all flash flood fatalities are automobile related. Two feet of water will carry away most automobiles. Also avoid walking also through floodwaters, even six inches of water can sweep off our feet.”

A flash flood is a torrent of water rushing through normally dry or low-flow creeks, streams, washes, ravines, culverts, or over lower lying ground. In desert areas, a raging torrent of water may move off the mountains for miles into relatively flat terrain. The violent rushing of water collects debris and mud as it moves and becomes destructive to everything in its path.

V CONTROL OF FLOODS

The basic methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times. These methods include reforestation and the construction of levees, dams, reservoirs, and floodways (artificial channels that divert floodwater).

1. An effective method of controlling floodwaters is to construct coordinated groups of dams and reservoirs on the headwaters of the streams that lead into the main rivers, so that water can be stored during periods of heavy runoff and released gradually during dry seasons

2. People have created a flood problem by cutting down trees and digging up the vegetable cover of the soil, thus increasing soil erosion. Flood control in these areas has been directed to restoring vegetation and instituting efficient methods of soil management, such as crop rotation and contour plowing.

3. Another method of flood control is the construction of floodways on the lower reaches of rivers to divert floodwaters. The rivers are widened at certain points and allowed to overflow. Inundation of certain confined areas prevents the flooding of other areas.

4. In the past, agricultural lands were regarded as only having the role of food production, but are now considered to have several functions, such as flood protection, fostering of water resources, and so on.

5. Flood Control Facilities With regard to integrated flood control projects, emphasis has been placed on embankment construction in coordination with the reengineering of the courses of rivers, dredging as well as the setting up of pumping stations located at the main exits of the drainage pipes behind embankments, so as to pump off rainwater that cannot be drained off by gravitational force within the city

6. Over bank Flood The primary purpose of over bank flood control of control is used primarily to protect property adjacent to the stream from frequent flooding.

7. Flood Barriers variable height flood barriers provide total flood protection to doors and windows, whilst also preserving the visual integrity of the building. Flood Barriers are the ideal flood defence for homes, commercial premises and retail outlets. Recommended uses are in  House doors and windows · Driveways and garages · Business premises · Shops and Stores

8. Flood Gates Designed to provide maximum protection from impact damage and violent water, our Flood Gates allow us to leave our property with total confidence that our products, plant and possessions are safe from all but the most overwhelming flood conditions. Recommended Uses Commercial premises and industrial units likely to be unattended when flooding occurs. Isolated properties liable to be cutoff and evacuated during floods

.

Flood Gates can be supplied to protect up to a flood height of 1.8 metres and to an installed width of up to 6 metres.

9. Removable Dams Removable Dam system has been engineered to provide similar levels of protection to permanent flood defence schemes, but with the distinct advantage of being removable when not required - thus preserving the integrity of the landscape and architecture. The system can be used between existing structures but has been primarily designed to be completely self-supporting over almost any distance and may be specified for virtually any height of floodwater. Recommended Uses: - Roadways, subways, embankment promenades, industrial complexes, shopping precincts



11.Flood-Proofing Services All services of flood-proofed buildings - electrical, heating, road, and sewer - must also be protected from flood damage. Special valves can protect sewers and water pipes; telephone equipment and electrical transformers must be located above design flood levels. Auxiliary generators may have to be installed, and hydro lines, access roads and bridges to buildings must be protected. Buried hydro lines and gas mains must be located and designed to resist damage from possible flood erosion or uplift forces.

Basic Flood-Proofing Methods

1. Buildings on Piers, Piles, Columns or Bearing WallsElevating structures above design flood level on some kind of support provide reliable protection against flood damage. This method uses land efficiently, does not raise the flood level, and has minimal adverse effects on flood flows.

2. Making Lower Levels of Building Watertight (Closure and Seal Method) Flood-proofing the lower levels of buildings by sealing them against water penetration requires that they be made strong enough to withstand cracking from the lateral and uplift pressure of the water.

3. Surrounding Buildings with Flood-Proof Walls or Berms: This method involves generally the same considerations as those required in the design of small dams. It has several disadvantages such as increasing the possibility of catastrophic failure and is not practicable for individual buildings in dense urban areas.

4.Floodproofinr Our Home

We can take an active role in protecting our property from flood damage both prior to and during flood. Prevention Methods:

· We can divert water from our property by regarding or constructing an earthen berm. Both of these may require a permit so check with the County Planning and Development Department first.

· The construction of swales (shallow ditch) and retention areas (small shallow depressions) are other effective methods of preventing flooding. Again, We will need to check to see if a permit is required.

· If roof drainage is a problem, gutters can help direct runoff.

· Another way of protecting a building from flooding is by raising the building. This can be expensive, but may be very cost effective.

· During a Flood

· Fasten plastic sheeting or other waterproof paper across windows and doors

· if evacuation appears necessary and only if time permits:

· Turn off the electricity at the main power switch and turn off the gas at the main valve.

· Move valuable papers and personal items to upper floors or higher elevations.

· Move outdoor possessions inside, anchor them down, or tie them together so they don’t get carried away.

· Keep a battery-powered radio handy and tuned in to a local emergency broadcast station: follow all emergency instructions.

· Move to high ground or an established emergency shelter. If it is safe to evacuate by car, take nonperishable foods, blankets, a flashlight, dry clothing, and any special medications with We. Be aware that many stores and gas stations will be closed since pumps and registers may not function if electricity has been cut off.

· Do not drive where water is over the road: part of the road may be washed out or be much deeper than it looks.

· When we return to our home and find that it has been flooded, check first for structural damage. Then air out the home in case of possible gas leaks. Do not turn on gas or electricity until utility representatives have checked them for gas leaks and short circuits.

VI. METHODS OF REDUCING FLOOD LOSSES:

In order to accomplish its purposes, this includes methods and provisions for:

(1) Restricting or prohibiting uses which are dangerous to health, safety, and property due to water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights or velocities;

(2) Requiring that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities, which serve such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction;

(3) Controlling the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels, and natural protective barriers, which help accommodate or channel floodwaters;

(4) Controlling filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase flood damage; and

(5) Preventing or regulating the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert floodwaters or may increase flood hazards in other areas

VII CONCLUSION:

The problem of flood control has assumed national importance because of the increasing frequency and intensity of floods in all of the great river valleys as a result of deforestation. Many aspects of flood control can be handled by individual states or groups of states acting on a regional basis Encourage the mapping of the floodways to develop more effective flood control programs Maintain and re-establish forest cover ,to improve the capacity of the ground to absorb heavy rainfall. Ensure that purchasers of homes and other real property are fully informed of hazards from floods. Continue proper soil conservation measures to complement the existing systems. Improve and upgrade existing flood control measures as necessary.



Peggy

Wynnwith asked:


While airline pilots get all of the credit in the public and on television for keeping airplanes flying safely, the air traffic controller plays just as important a role. Air traffic controllers work in a strenuous environment, working around dozens of other controllers while they focus on their monitor. They are responsible for guiding airplane traffic every single minute of their professional lives, watching radar monitors to determine the distance between the hundreds of planes in flight at the same time. The average day of an air traffic controller in the United Kingdom can be difficult but rewarding because it is important to the safety of millions of travellers.

Air traffic controllers typically work eight to ten hour shifts with many breaks in order to prevent wear on their eyes, back, and hands. The old days of the round radar monitor have given way to a more high tech approach to air traffic controlling, with larger monitors and ergonomic station designs that help keep air traffic controllers on the job. Air traffic controllers stay in constant contact with pilots from major airlines and charters alike. These controllers keep airplanes aware of other planes in the area, their trajectory, and where they need to head in relation to their current position. While airplanes feature sophisticated navigation equipment, the air traffic controller allows them an opportunity to check traffic snags that may come up in the future.

The air traffic controller position is incredibly stressful but has its rewards financially and intrinsically. Controllers are members of airline professional unions, which mean that they often receive annual performance bonuses and cost of living adjustments to keep them properly compensated. As well, air traffic controllers get several weeks of paid vacation annually in recognition of the stresses of the position. Finally, air traffic controllers take a lot of pride in their work, which involves keeping hundreds of planes daily from getting into accidents or getting lost.

The question is how an air traffic controller aspirant finds a job. The industry is highly competitive and features high barriers to entry due to licensing requirements and high standards. Air traffic controller aspirants should first look at sites for industry publications, which feature the best connections to airline unions and airports. As well, online job sites can be a good general resource for controller jobs. Finally, air traffic controllers need to consider working with a recruiting agency to find exclusive jobs without the competition that makes the job hunt nerve racking.



Natalie

Tiffany A asked:


I am trying to find out a up coming ship date for Air Traffic contol in The air force…Is anyone scheduled to leave any time soon?

Martha

presidentrichardnixon asked:


Don’t airplanes have to keep a specific speed on final?
Don’t airplanes have to keep a specific speed on final?

Regina

24_m_gr asked:


I am reading an air traffic flow management manual and it says:
There are 4 methods to achieve the necessary flow management:
1)speed control
2)vectoring
3)orbits and holding

I don’t understand what vectoring and orbits exactly mean…

Could someone please help?

Regina

Kevin Pederson asked:


The field of aviation is a challenging and rewarding career that is perfect for anyone who loves to fly. There are several different types of jobs in the field of aviation. An individual can work as a pilot for a commercial or private airline company. Also, an individual may be interested in working in air traffic control or as a co-pilot or in aeronautics maintenance. There are hundreds of Aeronautics Schools and Aviation Schools located around the country.

The most popular aviation jobs are working as a pilot or as a co-pilot. Other aviation jobs may include positions with the Federal Aviation Administration, air cabin crew or working in an airport in a different type of capacity. Aviation is a very broad career field. Everyone who has chosen aviation as their career agrees that the major perk of the job is getting to travel for free. This is a great way for an individual to travel around the world.

Aeronautics Schools and Aviation Schools are designed to train individuals in several different programs. Some of these programs include Aeronautical Drafters, Aeronautical Engineer, Aerospace Engineer, Air Cabin Crew, Air Pilots, Air Traffic Controllers, Aircraft Mechanics, Aircraft Maintenance Engineers and much more. Aviation is a versatile field that has many career opportunities for an enterprising, motivated individual.

A bachelors degree in aeronautics is an easy way for an individual to gain more experience and training in the field of aviation. An individual who has a bachelor degree in aeronautics will have more career opportunities to choose from.

One of the highest paying fields in aviation is air traffic control. Someone working in air traffic control usually makes over one-hundred thousand dollars a year. Another one of the highest paying fields in aviation is being a commercial pilot. A commercial pilot usually makes over twenty-five dollars an hour.

Training for aviation pilots flying can take on two different courses. A major part of aviation pilots flying are licensed as a commercial pilot. A commercial driving license allows a pilot to use their experience of flying for monetary compensation or hire. This means that an individual can work as a pilot for a major airline or as a crop duster or as a flight instructor.

There are tow ways to obtain pilot training for a commercial pilot license. One way to acquire pilot training is to obtain a license through a certified instructor or a certified flight school. Pilot training can also be gained by flying with a freelance instructor. A pilot in training, at a flight club, must have 250 hours of flight time.

Becoming a pilot or choosing a career in aviation is a perfect choice for anyone who loves to travel and to fly.



Jay

… asked:


Does anyone know what the average starting salary of an Air Traffic Controller Terminal is? Also, how long would you normally work for to raise the pay up to the final of around $100,000?

Danny