Air Traffic Control

Matt F asked:


I no i can buy it off the internet but is it sold in stores like k mart or best buy or Target etc.

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David Mashiter asked:


The first step you should take before committing to learning to fly is to contact your local flying school about a trial lesson (air experience or demo flight).  Most flying schools offer these at very reasonable prices, the average being around £90 for 30 minutes flying time.

There is no need for any preparation before your trial flight as the instructor will explain everything you need to know on the day.  Don’t worry, he wont go into too much detail as a trial lesson is designed to give you a feel for being airborne and gives you a taster of the freedom you can achieve once you gain your licence!

What To Expect On The Day

Most flying schools will ask you to call them on the morning of your flight to ensure that your flight has not has been cancelled due to the weather conditions or technical problems.  Weather that would not permit you to fly would be for example rain, strong winds or fog.

On the day it is best to wear comfortable clothing and flat shoes.  Be sure that you are fit to fly on the day as any illness will make the experience uncomfortable and not at all enjoyable. Following this you will be taken out to the aircraft.

The Flight

There will be many instruments, buttons and switches in front of you but you will not be required to know the purpose of them at this point.

Shortly after your instructor has started the engine, you will be taxiing to the active runway and  he will be completing some final checks along the way.  You will also hear him talking on the radio to air-traffic control and may even understand some of the things he is saying.

At the end of the runway, with all checks performed and permission to take off, your instructor will apply full throttle and the aircraft will begin to move.  Even at this early stage your instructor may ask you to follow him through with the take off, meaning placing your hands lightly on the controls.  Soon you will be airborne and gaining height.  After your instructor has levelled off at a safe altitude, he will allow you to take the controls and demonstrate some simple menovours to get a feel of what it’s like to fly and how the aeroplane reacts to your movements.  Whilst you are in the air you may ask you instructor for the opportunity to take some photographs and admire the scenery below.  As soon as it all began you will be heading back to the airfield and preparing for landing.

When your back at the flying school, your instructor will brief you again on the trial lesson you have just taken.  He will be happy to answer any questions you may have with regards to the flight and any other flying related queries.  Most flying schools issue a certificate for your first flight and the flying time will count towards your licence if you decide to learn to fly.



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Ganesh Air asked:


The Answer To The Media Access Control Question

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Over the past few weeks I have received quite a few e-mails about Ethernet cards, both wired and wireless, and more specifically, about Media Access Control (MAC) addresses. I think the main reason I’ve received so many questions about Ethernet cards and MAC addresses is people trying to secure their home wireless networks and their desire to use MAC address filtering. This type of filtering in wireless networks can be configured to allow or deny specific computers to use or attach to the wireless network, based on the MAC address.

My first thought was to write an article just about MAC addresses and wireless Ethernet. After thinking about it I decided to expand on this and go over some specific information about Ethernet cards and communication.

Different Ways of Finding Your MAC Address and More

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There are several ways of finding your Ethernet and communications protocol information. Many Ethernet card manufacturer’s have proprietary software that can reveal this information but they work differently depending on the manufacturer. So we will use the Windows 2000 and XP “ipconfig” utility since this is available in the majority of Windows Operating Systems.

First, go to “start” -> “run” and type “cmd” without the quotes. Then hit the enter key. At the command line type “ipconfig /all”, again without the quotes. Actually, just typing ipconfig without the /all will work but will only provide you with abbreviated information regarding your network cards. An example of what you might see by typing the “ipconfig /all” command is below with each item commented in green lettering:

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There are several ways of finding your Ethernet and communications protocol information. Many Ethernet card manufacturer’s have proprietary software that can reveal this information but they work differently depending on the manufacturer. So we will use the Windows 2000 and XP “ipconfig” utility since this is available in the majority of Windows Operating Systems.

First, go to “start” -> “run” and type “cmd” without the quotes. Then hit the enter key. At the command line type “ipconfig /all”, again without the quotes. Actually, just typing ipconfig without the /all will work but will only provide you with abbreviated information regarding your network cards. An example of what you might see by typing the “ipconfig /all” command is below:

OutPut Of The “Ipconfig /All” Command

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Windows IP Configuration

Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : Home Computer

This is the name of your computer, typically defined during the windows installation. However, it can be changed after installation.

Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : domain.com

If your computer participates in a network such as a Microsoft Windows domain this item may contain the name of the domain.

Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Unknown

The Node Type may say Unknown, or peer-to-peer, or in some cases “hybrid”. It is a setting that has to do with the Windows Internet Naming Services used in certain types of Windows domain networks.

IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No

This setting determines if Windows XP or 2000 will function as an IP router. If you have two or more network cards you can setup your system to act as a router, forwarding communications requests from one network to another. Windows 2000 can be configured to do this in a pretty straight forward fashion; Windows XP will need a registry modification.

WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No

WINS Proxy is another setting that is related to the “Node Type” we discussed earlier. It is normally not a required setting in a home or small office network, or newer types of Microsoft Windows domains.

Ethernet adapter Wireless Network Connection 2:

If you have multiple Ethernet (network) cards in your systems, as I do in this laptop, you will have multiple listings. This one happens to be the second Ethernet card, an internal wireless Ethernet card.

Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcom 802.11b/g WLAN

This is the description of the Ethernet card, usually the Name / Manufacturer and type of Ethernet card. In this case, it is a Broadcom wireless Ethernet card built into my laptop.

Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-90-4B-F1-6E-4A

And here we have the MAC address. The MAC address is a 48 bit hexadecimal code and is suppose to be a totally unique address. It is 48 bits because each number or letter in hexadecimal represents 8 bits. Hexadecimal numbers range from 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, B, C, D, E, F. There are 6 alphanumeric codes hence 6*8=48(bits). The first 3 codes identify the manufacturer of the card and the remaining codes are used to create a unique number. Theoretically there should never be a card with same MAC address on a local network. However, there are a few exceptions. There are software tools that allow you to change this code. In fact, this is a step some hackers take to attack other systems on a local network. I say local network because MAC addresses are not routable between network segments. By spoofing this address, you can impersonate another machine on the local network. Traffic that was bound for the intended target can be redirected to the hacker’s machine. This is the address you would also use to populate a MAC address, or physical address table when setting up your wireless access point to support MAC address filtering.

DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes

DHCP, or the Dynamic Host Control Protocol, if enabled means your computers IP address is being provided by a DHCP server on you network. The DHCP server could be your wireless access point, cable/dsl router, cable modem, or a server on your network. Also, if a DHCP server is not enabled on your network, your computers Operating System will auto generate a random IP address within a certain predefined range. This means you could network a group of systems together without having to manually assign the IP settings.

IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.117

This parameter provides you with your current IP address. The address listed above is what is called a “private” address. There are certain classes of IP addresses that have been set aside for private use. This means for your internal, local, or private network at home or office. These addresses are not, or should not, be routable on the Internet. The Internet routes what are called “valid” IP addresses. Your cable/dsl router or cable modem has a valid IP address assigned to its “external” network interface. The external interface may be your phone line or cable TV cable.

Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0

The Subnet Mask is a special number, or in some sense, filter, that breaks down your IP address, in this case private IP address, into certain groups. IP addresses and Subnet Masks can be a complicated matter and would take an entire article to go over.

Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.254

The default gateway, the IP addresses listed above, is the IP address of the device that will route your request, such as when you try to browse a website, to the Internet. It is a bit more complicated than that though as gateways or routers can route traffic to various different networks, even other private networks. At your home or small office, this gateway most likely is your cable/dsl modem or router.

DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.49

The DHCP server, remember we talked a little about this above, is the device that assigns your computer an IP address and other information. DHCP servers can assign all kinds of information such as; Default Gateway, Domain Name Servers (DNS), IP address, Subnet Mask, Time Server, and much more.

DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.0.49, 64.105.197.58

DNS Servers are internal or external servers that resolve Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN), to IP addresses. This is done because computers don’t actually transmit your requests using the domain name, they use the IP address assigned to the FQDN. For most home or small office users, the primary DNS server is the IP address of your cable/dsl router. Your cable/dsl router than queries an external DNS server on the Internet to perform the actual resolution of the FQDN to IP address. The address 192.168.0.49 is an internal private device on my network whereas the 64.105.197.58 is an external public Internet DNS server and is present just in case my router has trouble performing the DNS resolution tasks.

Lease Obtained . . . . . . . . . .: Sunday, March 19, 2006 6:38:16 PM

This information tells you when your computer received its IP address and other information from a DHCP server. You will notice it says “Lease Obtained”, that is because most DHCP servers only lease the IP address to you from a pool of available address. For instance, your pool may be 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.50. So your DHCP server has 50 IP addresses to choose from when assigning your computer its IP address.

Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Wednesday, March 29, 2006 9:38:16 PM

When the IP address, assigned by the DHCP server, lease expires it will attempt to lease you the same or another IP address. This function can typically be changed on the DHCP server. For instance, on some fully functional DHCP servers, you can configure the Lease to never expire, or to expire within 1 day and so on.

Why Are MAC Addresses So Important And How Do They Work

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To jump back to MAC address for just a bit. You may think that IP addresses are the most important thing when it comes to network communication. The reality is, MAC addresses are very important because without them computers would not be able to communicate over Ethernet networks. When a computer wants to speak with another computer on a local network, it will make a broadcast request, or ask a question, of who owns a particular IP address. For instance, your computer may say “Who is 192.168.0.254”. Using the information above, my default gateway is 192.168.0.254 and will answer “I am “00-90-4B-F1-6E-4A” 192.168.0.254”. It sends back its MAC address. That MAC address then goes into what is called a Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) table on your computer. You can see this information by going to the command prompt like you did above and typing “arp –a”. You will get information like the following:

Internet Address Physical Address Type

192.168.0.49 00-12-17-5c-a2-27 dynamic

192.168.0.109 00-12-17-5c-a2-27 dynamic

192.168.0.112 00-0c-76-93-94-b2 dynamic

192.168.0.254 00-0e-2e-2e-15-61 dynamic

How A Hacker Can Use MAC Addresses In An Attack

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You will notice the IP addresses and to the right of them the MAC addresses. Without this information, without the MAC address, you would not be reading this article right now. MAC addresses are not routable like IP addresses. They work on your local or private network. However, devices on the Internet perform the same tasks. Routers and switches maintain a list of their peer device MAC address just like your computers and devices on your home or office network. I mentioned above that MAC addresses can be changed in order to redirect requests. For instance, if I were on your office network and you had an internal web server that took personal information as input, I could tell your computer to go to my laptop for the web site by broadcasting my MAC address tied to the real web servers IP address. I would do this when you computer asked “Who is the “Real Web Server””. I could setup a fake web server that looks just like the real thing, and start collecting information the real web server would normally collect. You can see how dangerous this can be.

Conclusion

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There are several other easy ways you can find your MAC address but they can be a little confusing if you have more than one internal network card. Most external USB or PCMCIA wired and wireless Ethernet cards have their MAC address printed on them. In cases where the wired or wireless network card is inside your computer, such as in laptops, the MAC address is sometimes printed on the bottom of the laptop. Even Desktop systems cards that are inserted in PCI slots have the MAC address printed on the Ethernet card.



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Hassan Eliwah asked:


In these three examples, we have seen that economic, political, and legal activity that crosses the membrane between synthetic worlds and the Earth serves mostly to blur any distinction between what is synthetic and what is Earthly. This argument may be applied more generally to the world of gaming as a whole. As the industry has evolved from board games to the creation of entire new worlds, the cultural milieu in which its products are experienced has expanded well beyond the card table on a Saturday night. Games are becoming such an integral part of daily life that the distinction between game and life may be fading as well.

One of the early applications of ubiquitous computing will doubtless be ubiquitous gaming. If gaming is truly ubiquitous, what distinguishes it from daily life? One sees gradual growth in the culture of gaming in many different practices and behaviors. At this particular moment, I am flying in a plane whose pilot is receiving flight path instructions from an air traffic controller - a good one, I hope - somewhere down there. At the same time, I know there is someone flying a simulation of this plane or one like it, on a similar flight path, and that person is also receiving path instructions from a controller; all of this is happening through VATSIM.net, the virtual air traffic simulation system. Through VATSIM, ordinary people have come together as a network of pilots interacting with air traffic controllers to produce a vast, organic simulation of actual air traffic. Flight simulation, in other words, has taken on a massively multiplayer format, and hundreds of ordinary people fly long, ordinary flights under the watchful eye of other ordinary people. All for fun.

If we move to the world of combat flight simulators, we find tens of thousands of people forming into squadrons to fly small-group missions against AI or human opponents. In the world of multiplayer first-person shooters, thousands come together in small teams to relive the horrors of the wars of our past or wars we have only yet imagined. All of this activity is coordinated by active communities based on websites, email, instant messaging, and voice over Internet. It is occasionally charged by face-to-face meetings as well, at fan gatherings, or in the form of romantic trysts. Meanwhile, social gaming grows gradually. Certain venues, such as PC Cafes, host walk-in players interested in gaming with one another; at this writing, Korea boasts some 25,000 PC Baangs (Herz 2002). Not all of this meeting up is about physical togetherness, mind you; for some gamers, the Internet is just too slow. If everyone can bring their high-powered machine to one location where they can link to a local high-speed network, the gaming is better for everybody.

The broader implications of emergent playlife communities could be significant. The political movements that happen inside and outside games are, at the moment, mostly about games. But there is no reason to expect that these communities will always limit their political activity to game-related issues. If there is a “cyberdemocracy” movement, or any online political movement at all, perhaps it will have to make use of synthetic world technology to get its message to the masses.

Increasingly, the gamer’s daily life involves shifting frequently back and forth between different activities, some of which can currently be identified as the “game,” whereas others are called “life.” But when I am sitting at my computer at home, chatting to my friend Ethelbert, who happens to appear on my screen as an Elven Mage, we are just as likely to be talking about the weather as we are about Magecraft. Perhaps we are also talking to our mutual friend Shotgun Edna by voice over Internet, and she is inviting us into a game of first-person World War II shooter action. Meanwhile, I am in an instant-messaging conversation with my friend Rowena, who wants to get together for a card game Saturday night.

Ethelbert is reading an email from the administrator of another synthetic world, informing him that he has won an in-world auction for 600 slats of wood for 50 gold pieces. A similar email from eBay informs him that he has won an auction for a nice Magritte print for $50.With all of this going on, where exactly is the line between game and life? Perhaps someone might be able to make distinctions, but Ethelbert and Edna and Rowena and I, who share a common set of assumptions about the rituals and symbols of our game-infused environments, would probably find them too nit-picky to implement. Imagine if someone were to insist on the following rule: if a rabbit attacks Ethelbert and I help him by casting a spell, we are “in the game,” but if we are not actually interacting with the synthetic world, but rather only with each other, then we are “in life.” One could always divide things up that way, but for the purposes of living with both the Earth’s weather and the fearsome Wererabbits of El Dorado, it’s not worth it. Our culture has moved beyond the point where such distinctions are helpful.

Thus this Article ends with the point that the membrane between synthetic worlds and daily life is definitely there but also definitely porous, and this is by choice of the users. What we have is an almost-magic circle, which seems to have the objective of retaining all that is good about the fantasy atmosphere of the synthetic world, while giving users the maximum amount of freedom to manipulate their involvement with them. Because of these properties, it seems more than likely that synthetic worlds will never be completely marginalized; the routes between them and daily life are too well-traveled. Because the two worlds are destined to interact, some attention should be paid to the broader economic, political, and security issues that will certainly arise.



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Ian Gault asked:


All international aircraft operators, whether pilots or air traffic control officers (ATCOs), must meet minimum English language proficiency requirements specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) which come into effect on 5 March 2008. The aim of ICAO is to raise standards in ‘Aviation English’ communications globally, as a means of improving safety both in the air and on the ground.

Aviation communications in any language are highly specialized. The term ‘Aviation English’ embraces a considerably wider field of language knowledge and expertise than most native speakers of English utilize in their everyday lives. Moreover, a further important consideration is that of the aviation environment and 2 significant factors of everyday life in that community: those of the emergency situation and of the non-routine situation. Aircraft operators learn very precise procedures, definitions, and rules and regulations, and all are presented in very formal, precise and unambiguous language. Introduce the unknown, those frequent occasions when something does not happen in the way it should, or in the way that those involved are expecting, and we can readily identify where many of the major communication problems lie.

Pilots and ATCOs are well trained to deal with the unexpected; nevertheless, no organization or individual can cater for every eventuality in such a precarious operating environment. In such situations, therefore, yet another factor comes into play: that of the degradation of an individual’s performance under stress and under duress. In a very difficult, ever-changing and ever-challenging working environment, which is fraught with danger and the unexpected, circumstances can change within seconds, inducing both crises and panic in those directly concerned. At that juncture, individual performance levels plummet and instinct takes over. Effective communication becomes paramount and must be instinctive. If one then considers the added complication of a particular individual, if not 2, one in the air and one on the ground, operating in a second language, performance can degrade further. Hence, the importance and necessity of a high level of English-language proficiency in all concerned.

English language trainers therefore face an enormous task in facilitating the service necessary to meet the demands for effective training in Aviation English worldwide. The ICAO impetus, quite rightly, is on general English-language comprehension, which has to be the basis for any training. However, to meet the minimum communication standards for safe aircraft operations internationally, trainers must also consider the contextual issues. It is the enormous scope of English in the context of aviation that presents language trainers with a significant challenge.

Aircraft operators require an enormous range of knowledge, terminology and phraseology to function effectively in their everyday roles. In a short English-language course for aircraft operators, therefore, trainers must consider where to place the emphasis. Many trainers focus on R/T phraseology; however, whilst standard phraseology is an important aspect of aviation communications, it is merely one of many. Most aviators are familiar with standard R/T phraseology; they use it every day. Language trainers therefore need to place the emphasis on the many aspects of non-standard and non-routine phraseology that might be used in emergency situations and that potentially create difficulties for non-native speakers, ie those aspects of English not necessarily covered in aviation manuals.

Often, language training is a requirement more often than not driven by budgetary constraints, operational constraints and logistical considerations on the part of a client, who invariably lacks appreciation that Aviation English training takes time. Trainers are frequently required to train sponsored groups of trainees, a scenario that works well only when the specializations of the individual trainees, their respective training needs and also the English-language levels of each are similar. It must be stressed that the needs of pilots and ATCOs are very different: whilst the sponsored-group scenario generally works well with pilots of similar rating, in the case of ATCOs training must take account of 3 very different professional specializations, each of which has its own particular requirements: Aerodrome Control, Approach Control and Area Radar Control.

Problems arise on those occasions when either a particular sponsor elects for, or the training provider attempts the ‘one-size-fits-all’ scenario, an option that is all too frequently deemed the most practical on the part of the sponsor, for operational reasons, or the most economic on the part of the training provider in terms of facilitation. The outcome is all too often unsatisfactory, with single trainees, or small group of trainees, being placed on courses where the group as a whole is totally mismatched - by far the least effective way of achieving a satisfactory result from any viewpoint.

Provided there is adequate compromise, understanding and agreement between the client and the training provider, nevertheless, the sponsored-group scenario can work well, so long as all the parties concerned ensure that each group selected for training comprises trainees of the same aviation specialization, individuals of similar experience and personnel with comparable English-language proficiency skills. The real key to success, however, is that prior to course commencement, the training objectives and learning outcomes are clearly defined and that, importantly, they are agreed in advance between the client and the training provider. Within such a package, professional trainees can then negotiate their own learning programme and achieve precise and specific learning outcomes both efficiently and effectively.



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Ann Johnson asked:


People who have panic attacks frequently express their concern over having panic attacks while driving As a matter of the fact they say they got their first attack while driving. It’s understandable, they fear it could happen again. This article will give you five tips that will help you to never have to experience an episode while driving again.

You should, first, focus on your breating; take some nice deep breaths. One of the common signs of panic attacks is shortness of breath.

Second, to help your breathing, open a window. If it is summer time, turn on your air conditioner and turn up the blower. Having a little air on your face will help distract your focus from your panic attack.

Another way to distract yourself from your panic attack and constricted breathing is to turn on the radio or be sure you have your favorite music CD handy.

Next, you should understand, this is not the time to start focusing on your current traffic situation. You may feel trapped and that something bad may happen. This is the time to focus on the changes you have made in your small environment such as better breathing, fresh air supply and the music you are playing.

One of the best pieces of advice is to loosen up, laugh a little; keep a comedian’s CD nearby and play it when you feel the panic symptoms brewing.

The most important thing you can take away from reading this is to know that many thousands of people out there suffer; just like you. The only difference is they have learned to control panic attacks while driving and in every other part of their lives.

If you are seriously considering getting help for panic attacks while driving, you need to Click Here.Another way to distract yourself from your panic attack and constricted breathing is to turn on the radio or be sure you have your favorite music CD handy.

Next, you should understand, this is not the time to start focusing on your current traffic situation. You may feel trapped and that something bad may happen. This is the time to focus on the changes you have made in your small environment such as better breathing, fresh air supply and the music you are playing.

One of the best pieces of advice is to loosen up, laugh a little; keep a comedian’s CD nearby and play it when you feel the panic symptoms brewing.

The most important thing you can take away from reading this is to know that many thousands of people out there suffer; just like you. The only difference is they have learned to control panic attacks while driving and in every other part of their lives.

If you are seriously considering getting help for panic attacks while driving, you need to Click Here.

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